Lululemon SWOT Analysis - 1561 Words

Lululemon is a marketer of clothing that ostensibly inspired by yoga. The company has carved out a niche for itself in the athletic apparel market by focusing on this type of clothing, marketing primarily to females, and selling at its own-branded stores. The company has enjoyed considerable success of late. Revenues have grown from $147 million in fiscal 2007 (basically calendar 2006) to $711 million in 2011. Net income was $7.67 million in FY2007 and $121.85 million FY2011 (MSN Moneycentral, 2012). This paper will outline the external environment and internal competencies of Lululemon as it attempts to build on its successes thus far. The SWOT analysis is an environmental scanning technique that forces managers to think about their firm and the environment in which it operates (QuickMBA, 2010). The objective of this technique is for the managers to gain insights into the ways that their company matches up with its environment, in both positive and negative ways. Lululemon has some strengths that have helped it to grow rapidly. The first strength is that the company has developed a strong brand. In a very short time, Lululemon has become a widely-recognized brand. Not only does having a strong brand help with sales in existing markets, but it facilitates moves into other markets as well, because customers there already have some familiarity with the brand.. Lululemon also derives strength from its design, which appeals strongly to a wide segment of apparel marketShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis For Lululemon Athletica1043 Words   |  5 PagesSWOT Analysis for lululemon athletica a. Current Strengths i. The commitment of the employees of lululemon athletica 1. Evidence from case: The employees commit to living a certain type of lifestyles in order to represent the company and the message behind it. (Page C-97) 2. Evidence from case: The employees of lululemon athletica are well rounded about the topics of healthy living, Yoga, and physical ways of staying healthy on a daily basis. This allows for customers to receive advice and recommendationsRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Lululemon1219 Words   |  5 PagesLululemon was founded in 1998 by Chip Wilson in Vancouver, Canada. This yoga inspired brand started when Mr. Wilson’s studio was yoga by night and design by day and was looking to expand into more of a community feel. His vision was to bring together a place where people could grow healthier more fulling lives both physically and mentally. The first items Lulu made were cater to the yoga practice and specifically women, but has since grown into so much more. The store specializes in men and women’sRead MoreA Swot Analysis Of Lululemon s Market1692 Words   |  7 PagesI. SITUATION ANALYSIS Lululemon is the third leading speciality sports apparel store, behind Nike and Adidas (appendix 1), retailing for women and a small range of men. They have capitalised on the growing trend of fashionable gym and street clothes (Ibisworld, 2016). Their vision is â€Å"Elevating the world from mediocrity to greatness†, through their 350 stores and online store shipping to 80 countries (Lululemon, 2016). A SWOT analysis in appendix 2 reveals the sustainable niche of Lululemon’s marketRead MoreCase 1 Mystic Monk Essay785 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿1. How strong are the competitive forces confronting lululemon in the market for performance-based yoga and fitness apparel? Do a five-forces analysis to support your answer. High Supplier Power There are a lot of suppliers available in the market that want to produce for lululemon because of the increased value of the company High Buyer Power Other brands offer the same products Low cost switching because other brands offer these items at a lower price Moderate New Entrants PopularRead MoreLululemon Swot Essay671 Words   |  3 PagesSWOT Analysis Company name: Lululemon Athletica Inc. (NASDAQ:LULU; TSX:LLL) Product: Lululemon Athletica produces yoga-inspired athletic apparel for both women and men. Strengths #1. Innovative Design Process Lululemon offers high-quality premium athletic apparel that is designed for performance, comfort, functionality and style. The innovative design process is attributed to a number of factors such as, real-time customer feedback. Lululemon seeks real-time customer feedback on theRead MoreCompetitive Forces : Marketing Strategy1287 Words   |  6 PagesCompetitive Forces: Five Forces Analysis The five forces analysis shows that lululemon is confronted by moderate or low competitive forces. 1. Buyer Bargaining Power: This threat is very weak because lululemon sells directly to consumers, who rarely have haggling prices or other terms with sellers. Lululemon rarely sells wholesale, and when they do it is to support their grassroots marketing strategy to increase brand awareness. Although buyers could switch to a competitive brand, they would notRead MoreLululemon Athletica Analytic Essay1633 Words   |  7 PagesCase Analysis #1 Problem Essay Lululemon Athletica Inc Samuel Ellison Presented for: Professor Kannangara Sunday, March 6th, 2016 BUSI4003 Introduction Lululemon Athletica Inc., founded in 1998 in Vancouver by Chip Wilson, is a company which designs and produces high-end yoga and technical athletic clothing. They have operated primarily in North America and Australia; their initial target customer was an educated woman who lives an active and healthy lifestyle. They opened their firstRead MoreLululemon1323 Words   |  6 PagesLululemon Athletica Lulemon Athletica is an athletic apparel company based out of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The company was founded by Dennis â€Å"Chip† Wilson, in the year 1998. Dennis Wilson had been in the skate, surf, and snowboard business for over 20 years when he took a commercial yoga class that was offered in Vancouver. Wilson found the results to be thrilling. He quickly was immersed in the idea of making his yoga experience the best possible. He believed the clothes that wereRead MoreLululemon2544 Words   |  11 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 2 CASE ANALYSIS 3 Five-force analysis 3 Competition 4 SWOT analysis 5 Value chain 5 Strategy 7 Financial and operating performance. 8 RECOMMENDATION 10 In term of strategy 10 In terms of management 10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Lululemon Athletica Inc., founded by Dennis Chip Wilson,  is a self-described  yoga-inspired athletic apparel company, which produces a clothing line and runs international clothing stores from its companyRead MoreLululemon2462 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Lululemon is one of the Canada’s best retailers of technical athletic yoga apparel. Lululemon’s yoga inspired apparel is marketed under the two brand names Lululemon Athletica for more mature women and Ivivva Athletica for younger girls. Lululemon primary target customers are educated and hard working women, who understand the importance of healthy and active lifestyle. Majority of these women are Caucasian who are mainly urban and have higher income, since Lululemon is an expensive

The Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombings. Genocide or Not

The Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombings. Genocide or not? ! The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki occurred on 6-9 August 1945. As stated by Jennifer Rosenberg: ‘‘Unlike many other bombing raids, the goal for this raid had not been a military installation but rather an entire city.’’1 The US wanted to scare the Japanese out of the war. The possible targets of the bombings were: Hiroshima, Kokura, Nagasaki and Niigata. Kyoto was one of the choices as well, but it was removed from the list. ‘‘The cities were chosen because they had been relatively untouched during the war.’’2 The bomb  «Little Boy » was dropped on Hiroshima by the crew of a B-29 Superfortress  «Enola Gay » bomber. On 9th of August it was followed by the bomb  «Fat Man » that was†¦show more content†¦But in order to tell whether it was an act of genocide or not, we have to know if there was any intent to destroy the population of Japan in part or in wh ole. The bombings caused have caused a debate over them. As former US Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson said: ‘‘The atomic bomb was more than a weapon of terrible destruction; it was a psychological weapon.’’ Psychological weapon, in a sense that in Japan it was dishonorable to surrender, so the Americans have understood, that invading Japan would be useless. What they could have gotten with the invasion of Japan is a great amount of casualties. Rather than losing their own people, the US decided to scare the Japanese out of the war, which means that there was no intent to destroy Japanese neither in whole nor in part. ! Although the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are meeting all the criteria, listed in the Article 2 of the United Nations Convention on Genocide, except for one (Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group), we can clearly see that it was not a case of genocide. The original goals of the United States were both to stop th e war as soon as possible by scaring Japan out of it and to gain knowledge of the use of atomic bombs on populated areas. 5 Hiroshima and Nagasaki remembered, The Nagasaki Story, http://www.hiroshima-remembered.com/Show MoreRelatedWas The Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Morally Justified?1736 Words   |  7 PagesWas the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ethically justified? – Why Truman decided to drop the atomic bombs on Japan – By Grace Kelsall World War 2 saw the emergence of America as a new world power on August 6th 1945, also internationally known as the traumatizing day for Hiroshima; after an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first atomic bomb. World War Two is considered a great turning point in modern history, it being one of the bloodiest and horrific wars; exposing all countries aroundRead More Decisions to Drop the Bombs on Japan Essay872 Words   |  4 Pagesto assure safety of the American people. The atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were necessary to bring the war with Japan to an immediate halt. Dropping of the A-bomb took thousands of lives and rendered many others sick while completely destroying in total two entire cities. The force of the first atomic bomb (Hiroshima, code name: Little Boy) was equivalent to 12.5 kilotons of TNT and the second bomb (Nagasaki, code name Fat Man) was equivalent to 20 kilotons of TNT (Clancey)Read MoreOur Cultural Fascination With The Undead1756 Words   |  8 PagesPride and Prejudice Zombies and The Zombie Survival Guide, also by Max Brooks. Our cultural fascination with â€Å"the return of the dead† can be traced back to the events and the general morale leading up to World War Two, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that stretched roughly from the middle of the seventeenth century, through to the eighteenth century. The age of The Enlightenment can be characterized by â€Å"dramatic revolutionsRead MoreDropping the Bomb on Hiroshima1332 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Japanese living in Hiroshima. On this day, President Truman gave the order to drop the first atomic bomb known as â€Å"Little Boy† onto the city. This city was strategically chosen due to its size, the low amount of damage it had from the war, and the high concentration of soldiers stationed there. The bomb instantly vaporized 80,000 people, and radiation sickness and burns killed another 100,000 in the years that followed. Three days later, a bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, where 80,000 Japanese perishedRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Japan1548 Words   |  7 Pagesmajority did not even a single thing to anger America in any way. Also in a poll taken in December of 1944 shows that 13% o f Americans urged the â€Å"extermination of all Japanese† (Alperovitz, 428, 4), but how can this be justified in the sense that genocide is another mass killing of yet another group of people when there were already groups of people that were being killed? What justice was this to bring? Also why would such a sacrifice of a large amount of human lives be made for a political reasonRead MoreRealist Viewpoint of World War II Essay882 Words   |  4 Pagesagainst Japan. President Harry S. Truman, made the decision in 1945 to attack Japan with nuclear bombs first to Hiroshima and then three day later to Nagasaki. Days later, Japan surrender, and World War II was drawn into a close. Realist scholars say that the decision made was unnecessary. The death among the two cities were around 200,000, in Hiroshima there were 90,000 deaths, and Nagasaki had 37,000 death this is without counting the deaths of the injured and after nuclear contaminations. AlthoughRead MoreWar Has No Limits Of War1724 Words   |  7 Pagesadvancements have shaped how war is fought today. Now that war can be fought by bombing enemies with drones thousands of miles away, face-to-face combat is not as present as before making war seem less gruesome to society. â€Å"World War II is considered to have been the largest and deadliest war in world history, killing 62 million people on the battlefield, in massive bombings of civilians in cities, and by genocide† (World War II 147). Many people believe that war only involves the soldiers fightingRead MoreWar Crimes Against Harry Truman1743 Words   |  7 Pages War Crimes against Harry Truman Over the course of time there has always been a debate on whether or not Harry Truman should have been convicted of war crimes after the drop of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. People believe Truman was innocent, but at the same time a large amount also believe he should have been punished for his actions. Which side one believes to be true depends on the perspective of the situation. An American might believe President Truman was justified for allowingRead MoreHiroshima-Nagasaki: Entering Into the Atomic Age Essay2153 Words   |  9 PagesOn August 6, 1945, in an attempt to bring an end to World War II, the United States dropped the world’s first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a Japanese city and military center. Most of the population stood helpless in the open as the sighting of only three aircraft quickly caused a roaring of air raid warnings. The extraordinary event destroyed nearly two-thirds of the city and immediately killed tens of thousands of people, and t ens of thousands more died later from radiation exposure. Sixteen hoursRead MoreFilm Analysis Of The Film Judgment At Nuremberg780 Words   |  4 Pagesseats and Ernst Janning and the other judges would have decided the case. The tribunal would be tried for their countries’ war crimes, such as the bombing of Dresden, and to the American judges, the atrocities that would have possibly been shown to them would be just as shocking. The victors were never punished for their faults; no one involved in the bombing of Dresden was ever charged with war crimes, even though many people insisted. In order to truly serve justice, the Nuremberg Trials should have

Business Law ‘Law Lords and the European Union

Question: Outline and explain the contents of employment contracts and the legal liabilities of managers and directors. Demonstrate the ways in which European Union law affects the conduct of business in the United Kingdom. Identify and explain the main sources of law affecting businesses and policies relating to customers, related companies and employment. Answer: Sources of EU Law There are three main sources of EU law that is the primary law, secondary law and supplementary law. The vital sources of primary law are the Treaties that structures the European Union. It is derived from the treaties that establish the distribution of competences. The secondary sources are the legal tools that dwell on the Treaties and contain secondary law that is unilateral in nature along with conventions and agreements. It is comprised of agreements, as well as unilateral acts. Supplementary laws are those parts of law not given by the treaties. This part is majorly concerned with Court of Justice, international law and the general principles. The supplementary law has helped the court to reduce the gap between the primary and the secondary law. Article 267 is stated as the primary ruling, used in major proceedings. The important proceedings use the concept of Article 267 because it defines the concept and state that the interpretation must be done keeping it in mind. The mechanism exists between the EU court of justice and the national court. It provides strong support for the court of justice by interpretation of the laws of EU (Lord, 2013). Adjudication is easier in this regard, and the matter is undertaken with high degree of efficiency. Therefore, it brings Better Avenue to the parties and helps in maintaining a high standard of accuracy (Arnull, 2010). Restriction placed on judges It is called primary ruling due to its feature. It helps in providing judgment that is accurate in nature, and leads to an enhanced decision making process. It provides a bigger scope for the treaties interpretation. The interpretation of treaties cannot be done in isolation, therefore, the article paves the way for interpretation and helps in interpretation. The interpretation helps in the decision-making process. Article 267 prescribes that the primary rules have the potent to provide decisions and hence, it is considered as the last resort. The ultimate destination can be taken with the help of its support. According to this section, the primary ruling needs to be followed by the national court. The primary ruling will help in providing the judgment and provide a clear interpretation. When the case if governed by Article 267 then the judges of the court of the member state suspends the happening. Article 267 is the last resort and aids in smooth decision-making. There is no rule a head of it and considering this article the decision can be taken that will be final (Kenny, 2012). The restriction that is placed by the Article 267 on the domestic judges is: The Court of justice will do the preliminary ruling and the interpretation will be done accordingly. Moreover, the European Union considering the validity of various acts will do the validity, as well as interpretation. The position of TFEU is superior and appears as a superior to the judges of the national court in determination of the question. The judges cannot take position when it comes to the matter of the state liability; it need the intervention of the TFEU. The judges of the national court are needed to consult while referring. This reflects the superiority of the TFEU. The judges of the court will engage in referring, as they do not want the government to be liable (Giacomo, 2011). The judges of the domestic court need to provide decision considering the TFEU; it cannot altogether work in isolation and provide a judgment. This implies that the status of the TFEU is higher and acts as a standard or reference. The ruling needs to be abiding by it. This implies that the decisions will be based considering the rules, and the judge needs to refer it for providing the decision. Impact of Article 267 on disputes The reference for primary ruling plays a vital part in ascertainment of the procedure that can be put to exercise before the European Law. This theme is available for every judge of the member states. The referred cases are purely for the interpretation of validity. Hence, this leads to a strong advantage for the business. There appears to be an active cooperation between the national court and the court of Justice. It is the last resort, and there is no remedy of judicial nature ahead of it. The disputes are settled through interpretations that are uniform in nature. This leads to legal certainty and ensures that the same thing is observed in every state. This leads to better cooperation and smooth running of the business. This influences the remedy that is important for the overall development and helps in developing a sound relation (Craig Burca, 2014). The businesses in UK will get a uniform decision from the Article 267 as it helps in providing decision for the betterment of th e parties. The regulations have general acceptability and binding in nature therefore, the decisions are valid and help the businesses. Therefore, Article 267 has been termed as primary ruling, and the last resort because of the various advantages it possesses. It helps in smooth conduct of the business by providing an accurate decision whenever the need arises (Papadopoulos, 2010). Therefore, any dispute can be referred, and the proper interpretation can be done through this article. Hence, it establishes uniformity that is essentially needed considering the decisions to be made. Alternative Dispute Resolution With the due passage of time, the claims in the field of employment have increased considerably. Hence, there is a strong urge, as well as need to resolve such claims. The Employment Appeals Tribunal and the Equality Tribunal has led to the emergence of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). ADR is a process that is non-adversarial in nature where an impartial third party takes part actively in settlement of the dispute. ADR contains mediation, conciliation, and arbitration (Born, 2014). There are various advantages of ADR over litigation, like speedy resolve of the dispute, less costly, many ranges of solutions, etc. ADR has a strong advantage over the process of litigation and this is one of the major reasons why it has gained a lot of importance in the present time (Kendall, 2008). The disputed parties want to reach to a conclusion with ease and flexibility without wasting time, and such speedy issue resolve is possible through ADR. Therefore, ADR scores over other forms of dispute resolution. It is the need off the hour because it has various advantages and user-friendly. There are various forms of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and according to the various situations, the methods are used. Different forms of ADR: Mediation The Employment Equality Acts lay the foundation to a mediation process that is voluntary in nature. It is a strong prospect and worthwhile because it leads to a neutral, as well as impartial person to look after the parties, probe the issue that has arisen, and assist them in reaching a course of action that is acceptable on a mutual basis. The process of mediation is speedier and carries the advantage of privacy. The Equity Tribunal publishes no decision. In sensitive claims like sexual harassment at the place of employment or wrong treatment, this process is highly recommended (Kolkey Chernik, 2012). Conciliation The Industrial relation Act prescribes for a Conciliation service that is voluntary in nature. The Relation Commission of the Labor conciliation service provides an external conciliator, professional in nature to help the parties in resolving the dispute. The process is defined by the LRC as a search that is facilitated in nature that happens between the parties those are disputed. Conciliation has a strong record of a settlement of 80% (Kolkey Chernik, 2012). Conciliation is useful when a particular agreement needs to be reached considering the legal and technical issues. It can be used when the process of mediation has been undertaken yet the decision or result does not arrive. Arbitration An ADR process where the parties to the dispute present arguments, as well as evidence to a third party is independent of nature. In short, the arbitrator makes the determination. Arbitration is important when the subject matter is significantly technical in scenario or where the parties to the dispute vouch for confidentiality. Arbitration can be voluntary in nature or can be when a court order (Deventer, 2010). Benefits of using ADR According to the Law Reform Commission 2010, it was reflected that the Arbitration, Mediation and Conciliation could be advantageous for the employers if it has included in a contract clause that leads to a solidity and will make ADR the first choice before moving to the legal system (Deventer, 2010). The main aim of ADR is to ensure that the parties are aware of the options that are present in dispute resolution. Employers are becoming strongly aware of the value when the options like mediation, arbitration, and conciliation are included in the contracts or the policies. The inclusion of such options in the internal grievance, and process of discipline, the employer keeps disputes at bay (Kluwer, 2014). When a trade dispute happens or is apprehended, then the role of ACAS comes to the forefront. ACAS at the plea of one or the other party provides help that helps in arranging for settlement. The role is properly managed with the ACAS collective function of conciliation. When it comes to the voluntarism approach, ACAS do not have any power to force any parties for participation or in imposing a settlement. As per ACAS, the sole aim of conciliation is to provide support to employee, as well as employer representatives to help both the parties in reaching a conclusion. The only obligation that is needed is that both parties must be willing to communicate face to face and no other requirements are imposed by ACAS. The project advisory work can be differentiated from the collective conciliation of ACAS. While using ACAS, the parties to the dispute keep the conflict away. Moreover, ACAS needs the joint participation by both the parties. The power of ACAS stabilizes in getting the employer, as well as employee to get associated in effective conversation that may happen either in the form of conciliation or advisory projects. The advantage ranges from spontaneous solution to implementation of strategies for effective working and better consultation (Kluwer, 2014). Moreover, ACAS is associated in mediation services too that aims to provide mediation when there is a grievance and even in the training of mediators so that the conflict can be managed in a rational manner. ACAS works on its main ethics that is t bring the parties face to face and thereby laying the stage for an effective way so that the conflict can be managed. Equality Act 2010 To strive for better regulations and fair treatment of the employees, the Equality Act came into foreplay from October 1, 2010, that replaced various other laws. This new structure aims for the employees safeguard and leads to equal opportunity. Protection by EA 2010 The new act helps to provide a cushion against the unfair treatment. Discrimination happens in various places like hospitals, organizations, public bodies, etc. The sole aim of the Equality Act is to safeguard the employees from unfair treatment and various kind of harassment. The main provision of the Equality Act is to provide protection about areas like age, sex, marriage, race, etc (EA, 2010).The acts that were club with the Equality Act are: The equal pay Act 1970 The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 The Sex Discrimination Act 1995 Types of discrimination covered under the Employee Act: Direct Discrimination Direct Discrimination happens when someone is treated with less reverence as compared to others because of some protected feature they contain, or they are linked with someone who has a protected feature. Association discrimination This discrimination applies to race, religion, disability, gender, and sex. This is termed as direct discrimination because there is an association with another who contains a specified feature or characteristic ((Kamm Lee, 2013). Discrimination by perception This discrimination happens because others are of the view that an individual contains a well-defined protected feature. It may happen even if the person does not have that particular characteristic (EA, 2010). Indirect Discrimination This discrimination happens when there is a condition, rule, policy that applies to everyone but most specifically to the people who are having a point of disadvantage or share a form of characteristic that is protected in nature (EA, 2010). This form of discrimination can be shown when there is a justification that one has acted in a reasonably wrong manner. Harassment It can be said to be an unwanted conduct that is linked to relevant protected feature that has the aim of violating the dignity of the individual or creating an atmosphere that is harmful to the individual ((Kamm Lee, 2013). Victimization It happens when the employee is treated in a manner that is an offense to the dignity because they have raised a voice under the Equality Act or they are under a suspicion (Equality Impact Assessment, 2013). All employers irrespective of the size come under the ambit of the Equality Act, 2010. As an employer, it needs to be noted that the law is applicable even if the workers are on a temporary basis, do not have a written contract, or work under different position like trainees, apprentices, etc. Every employee contains the same duties under this Act. Under this, any form of discrimination, harassment, or victimization is not allowed. To ensure compliance with the Equality Act, 2010 the following needs to be done: Recruitment The employer must know that the prejudice-free recruitment helps to get the correct person on board. This Act covers the total process of the recruitment. To keep racial discrimination at bay, qualifications of the overseas must be kept at par with the UK qualifications. Secondly, there should not be any discrimination against the disabled people through the design of the application form. Thirdly, it will be unlawful in nature to vouch for a candidate who is young in the notion that a young person will be dynamic and hungry for success (Kamm Lee, 2013). Health and disability Apart from very restricted situations, the employer is not needed to ask an applicant regarding the health or disability until the job is offered on some condition, inclusion in a pool of candidates, etc. A woman should not be denied a job if she is pregnant or on maternity leave or illness during pregnancy. Equality Law states that a woman does not have to specify that she is pregnant. This is considering the fact that a decision regarding the selection or rejection should not be influenced by the news of pregnancy. Sickness leave It is a common parlance that employers use the sickness record of workers for making decisions regarding bonus, promotions, references, etc. if disabled person time taken will be considered the same as the sickness time by a worker not disabled then it may lead to treatment of the disabled person in a worse manner. Hence, it is the duty of the employer to record disability linked time apart from the general sick leave. A link must b established with the one who is absent for a long time and the valid reason must be known. Appraisal techniques Every organization operates in a manner so that the performance of the workers is enhanced and the work is done as prescribed. This can be done by the employer through the process of appraisal that may be dealt in the meetings or can be done as per the performance reflected in the completion of the job. Hence, performance should be the major parameter for appraisal. The employer should not consider any other personal link ups, association, or influence (Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2015). There must be fairness in the appraisal decision and be valid. Various other compliances can be followed to make the organization free from discrimination. The ones that are discussed are considered the major ones; however as the scenario of the workplace and the organization there might be different forms and the employer needs to take care of it for smooth conduct of the business. Conclusion From the above drafted report, it can be commented that the European law plays a major role in the smooth conduct of the business and helps in settlement of disputes. Therefore, it is aptly described as the last resort. Moreover, there is a strong need for peaceful settlement of disputes and it is one of the main reasons ADR and its various forms are popular all over. The benefits of ADR are immense and help both the parties. Lastly, the inception of Equality Act, 2010 has provided immense solidity to the employees and reduced unfair treatment. Hence, it can be said that the employee contract has undergone a huge change and priority has shifted to employee welfare. References: Arnull, A 2010, Law Lords and the European Union: Swimming with the Incoming Tide', European Law Review, vol.35, no. 1, pp. 57-87. Born, G 2014, International Commercial Arbitration, Frederick, MD: Wolters Craig, P and Burca, G 2014, EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials, Cambridge University Press. Deventer, N.K 2010, Yearbook commercial arbitration, Huntington: New York EA 2010, Equality Act, viewed 30 March 2016, https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/discrimination/about-discrimination/equality-act-2010-discrimination-and-your-rights/ Equality and Human Rights commission 2015, viewed 30 March 2016, https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/legal-and-policy/legislation/equality-act-2010/equality-act-guidance-codes-practice-and-technical-guidance Equality Impact Assessment 2013, Increasing the Magistrates Court fine limit, viewed 30 March 2016, https://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/legislation/bills-acts/legal-aid-sentencing/fines-eia.pdf Giacomo, D.F 2011, The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: From Declaration to Binding Instrument, Gentium Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice. Springer. Papadopoulos, A. S 2010, The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy, Cambridge University Press. Kamm, R and Lee, M 2013, Discrimination Claims: The Equality Act 2010 and Key Cases, viewed 29 March 2016, https://www.11kbw.com/uploads/files/PO_RKPaper.pdf. Kenny, M 2012, Options between Legislative Intervention and Judicial Collaboration: Improving the Effectiveness and Coherence of EU law?, Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly, vol.63, no.4, pp. 435-448. Kendall, J 2008, Expert Determination. 4th edition Kluwer A 2014, International Commercial Arbitration, Austin: Walters Kolkey, D.M, Chernick, R, Neal, B.R 2012, Practitioners Handbook On Arbitration and Mediation, Huntington, N.Y. Lord M 2013, The Interface between National and European Law', European Law Review, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 437-456.

The Gates Mixed Plate by Tech N9ne free essay sample

Recently Tech N9ne released a collabo CD with many fellow underground rappers. This CD is called The Gates Mixed Plate referring to a popular dish served at a local restaurant in his hometown of Kansas City, Missouri. The newly released album was released by Strange Music Label. Strange Music Label also includes people like Krizz Kaliko, , Makzilla, 816 Boys, Prozak and many others. The album is produced by multiple people including Karbon, EmayDee, Robert Rebeck, Demolishbeatz, and YoungFyre. All of the producers have led Tech N9ne to his successful career even though it had some not so good times. Tech N9ne is making a comeback with this 12th album that has sold 22,000 copies in two weeks. Knowing that his 39th birthday is around the corner he is trying to go big before its too late. The Gates Mixed Plate is different than any other album. This album has slower paced songs that are based on different things rather than the popular debate over him being a devil worshiper. We will write a custom essay sample on The Gates Mixed Plate by Tech N9ne or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tech was tired of the negative attention and decided to prove the media wrong. The songs still arent appropriate but they are no longer focused on the devil worshiper principle that was so controversial. The song O.G. was a single that was released before the CD actually premiered in stores. This is the song that got me intrigued about the new collabo CD being released. It incorporates fast and slow paced songs with old school and new school beats into it. If you have been a Tech N9ne fan for a while this CD will keep you entertained. If you are a new fan of Tech N9ne I have no doubts that The Gates Mixed tape will be what keeps you listening to him, and for those who have no idea who Tech N9ne is, its a shame because his music is creative and and you will enjoy listening to it. Tech N9ne will soon be releasing another album and an EP (a CD with around 3-5 songs). The album will be with K.A.B.O.S.H called Amafrican Phsycho set to release October 19th, 2010.The EP is set to release sometime in 2011.

Vanity Press How to Dodge Scams Self-Publishing Companies to Avoid

Vanity Press How to Dodge Scams Self-Publishing Companies to Avoid Vanity Press Scams and Self Publishing Companies to Avoid The awful news for authors out there today is that there are plenty vanity press scams and self-publishing companies to avoidunless you want your money stolen, that isIf you are a self-published author, publishing your book today has never been easier. With a quick Google search, you’ll come across dozens of self-publishing companies offering publishing services for authors.But, how do you know if the company isn’t just another vanity press scam?Before making any decisions, you want to check out all your options carefully. If not, you could find yourself the victim of a self-publishing scam, forking thousands of bucks over to a shady publishing company with nothing to show for it.In this post, you’ll learn how to recognize the self-publishing scams when they cold call youand the companies you can really trust to get your book published!Here’s what we’ll cover in this post on self-publishing scams:Why authors fall for vanity press scamsEarly warning signs of self-publishing scamsYour self-publishing optionsTaking down the scammersRed flag list: Self-publishing companies to avoidWriters beware and watchdog groupsEducate yourself in self-publishingAre you ready to self-publish your book?NOTE: If youre ready for a system and method to actually succeed in the self-publishing industry (not to mention keep ALL the money you earn), check out our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereAs with any lucrative industry, there are a wide range of self-publishing scams in business for one reason: To take your money.A Vanity press publisher charges sky-high prices for author services that includes editing, formatting, cover design, and marketing.But, all of this is outsourced to the lowest bidder and in the end, the author is left with a poor quality book and no way to market it.â€Å"You get what you pay for† doesn’t equate when it comes to vanity press and the publishing scams they represent. You do pay top dolla r, often tens of thousands, and what you get back for your investment lacks anything of value.So, how can you avoid these self-publishing scams?Let’s take a look.Why Authors Fall for Vanity Press ScamsThere could be many reasons why someone would sign up with a scammy publishing company that wants you to pay big money up front.There is no shortage of scams out there when it comes to self-publishing. The biggest reason authors fall into these scams is becausewell, they dont know what they should know to avoid being scammed in the first place.The fact that you have to pay a publisher to get your book published is warning sign enough: The lies are on the wall. Most authors who fall into this trap are not published authors yet.You are either thinking of writing a book, youve started writing it, or you’re done and can’t wait to get it out there.So, when a publisher comes along offering to get their â€Å"just finished† manuscript into the hands of thousands of readers and sell millions of books worldwide, I would grab at it, too. Who wouldn’t want that?As a first time author, you are most likely not going to write a book that sells thousands of copies. And if you do, it will not be through a company that you just paid $5,000-$10 to for this to happen.Most soon-to-be-published self-publishers fall into the lap of predatory publishers because they need help.For someone who wants to become a successful author, your passion to publish is so strong that it overrides the sudden impulse to take the first offer on the table.Here are several reasons why you might fall for the vanity press trap:You are desperate for the know-how of book publishing.The publishing process is too complex.You are scared of â€Å"not publishing† and want it done right now.You are not tech-savvy and would rather pay someone to overcome the hurdles.Your friends keep asking you â€Å"When is your book coming out?†You know nothing about book marketing and need to hire the experts. Guess what: Vanity publishers don’t know much about it either and youll have to market no matter the avenue of publishing you choose.You watched a video of a self-published author who just signed a 6-figure deal with a large publisherand you think that is what usually happens.Before you make any hasty decisions, stop and breathe. If you need help with publishing your book [and everyone does] there is a right way and†¦The other way that steals all your hard-earned dollars.My hope is that you read this post before signing anything. If you can know the danger signs to watch for, you’ll pull yourself back from making a decision that costs you thousands of dollars, not to mention the heavy burden of regret later.Early Warning Signs: The Lies of Vanity PressVanity presses are generally a bad idea all around, but well cover some specific ways they can scam you and why theyre often on the list of self-publishing companies to avoid.How Vanity Press Publishers Scam YouIt is actually easy to spot a predatory publisher. I only hope you get to this post before they get to you. Here are the 5 big signs you are at risk of being scammed.#1 - The company asks for publishing fees. This should be enough right here. Although Hybrid Publishers require authors to pay for all the publishing services upfront, they usually split the fees later.A vanity press publisher will charge thousands for a publishing package. You are told that the book sales will be recouped later through book saleswhich almost never happen. Don’t listen to the so-called â€Å"reviews and testimonials† on the websites. These are rigged, of course.#2 - â€Å"We will publish your book for you on Amazon.† Let me be clear about this: Publishing on Amazon is super easy, even if you have limited tech skills. Not to mention Amazon has an excellent support system in place. The response time to inquiries is less than 24 hours and they are very detail ed when it comes to responses.A vanity publisher will make this sound more complicated than it really is. They will â€Å"take care of everything† and upload the book for you. What this also means is you lose control over making any future changes to the book. The only person that should be uploading the book to Amazon is YOU under your own account.#3 - Charges for A Reading Fee. Never. This just isn’t done. A traditional publishing house never asks for this. If you are told by the sales rep they will read your book for a certain fee, red flag this. The â€Å"reading fee† scam is less common today, but just in case you do run up against a company that tries this old scam.With a real publisher, nobody makes money until the book is selling. Actually, this practice has fallen the wayside these days and it would be rare to come across. But there is always someone willing to try†¦#4 - The publisher will buy you an ISBN [because they are so hard to get]. You ca n buy an ISBN through Bowker.com if you reside within the USA. The cost is $125.00. In the U.K. you go through Nielson. In Canada ISBNs are free through ISBN Canada. If you buy this through IngramSpark they offer a slight discount. Again, this is just another ploy to make you think it is a difficult process that is better off left to the â€Å"professionals.†#5 - â€Å"We will take care of all the marketing, because we know how difficult it is.† Yes, marketing is difficult, especially for authors. But a vanity press company won’t market the book to sell, they will do the bare minimum required so it appears as if the book is being placed in the proper channels.My advice: Grab a book on marketing for authors or enroll in a course. Learn it. You can even outsource it out so that you do Sell More Books. But in the end nobody is better at marketing their own book than the author.#6 - Excessive use of flattery. The first time I spoke to a vanity press sales rep I re member the praise she gave me for my book. I felt as if I had written a book that was going to sell thousands of copies in the first week.The rep was quoting passages from the book and referencing everything from the first page. Mind you, I later realized, everything she was quoting was from the first few pages. So did she read it? Of course not.#7- A sales rep calls you several hours after you sign up to their newsletter with a sales pitch. I tested one of these sites by enquiring about their services, and I downloaded a freebie. The next day I received a call from my â€Å"Publishing consultant† ready to help me fulfill my dreams as an author. Wow. The sales pitch was impressive, but if you already knew the situation, it was a total scam. You can smell it.But, for a new author excited to be part of the publishing journey, listening to someone else tell you how excited they are to publish your boom is a very tempting catch. In the end, they don’t care about your book or you. Whether it is Author Solutions or another of the dozens of publishing scammers out there, they get your money and keep milking it with constant upsells.#8 - Make â€Å"over the mountain promises† to get you endorsed by Hollywood. It is not unusual for these companies to tell you that your book has a shot of being featured in Oprah’s book club, or that they will send your manuscript to one of their agents in Hollywood for review.I can promise you one thing- Your book will never see the inside of a movie studio. Not unless you are a well-established author who has already proven themselves, and even then, it will not be through a vanity press company that you get there.#9 - Promises to get your book into barnes and noble and other bookstores. In this case what happens is, they put your book into a large catalogue where bookstores and libraries can order it. But realistically, you’ll be hard pressed to sell a single book in any bookstore if you publish t hrough a vanity press company. Libraries and bookstores won’t even consider it in most cases.#10 - Insists you sign a contract handing over exclusivity. If this final dose doesn’t make you run the other way, I don’t know what will. By any and all means, as a self-published author, you do not sign over your material rights to anyone. This gives the vanity publisher the right to further exploit your work and profit from all sales. The author, in this case, gets a lower end percentage.Now that you’ve seen the red flags, you are well-informed to make a decision if you come across what appears to be a shady publisher. You don’t need to sign anything or pay huge amounts of money for the publisher to â€Å"publish you to Amazon† or set you up with a movie deal.Now, let’s take a look atYour Self-Publishing OptionsWe are not living in the 1990s anymore. Back then, choices to self-publish were limited. You either paid a company- like a vanity press- a lot of money. Or, you went on your own and hired a printing company to run off tons of copies that were not cheap.Today, you will see that you have many good choices these days that make it easier for you to get your book published.#1 - Self-Publishing CoursesThere are quite a few reputable self-publishing courses out there. You buy the course, and work through the modules to write and ultimately publish your own book.There are costs to publish your book, including creating it, cover design, editing, and launching your book. You still have to pay for these services, but at least you get to choose who is working on your book.It is up to each individual author to outsource his or her own book. Publishing courses provide the content you need to get it all done, but you do all the work and take on additional costs outside the cost of the course.You have to pay for the basics that any author pays for: A good cover design, hiring an editor and formatting, and maybe a budget for marketing services such as book promo sites or a media package.But many new authors are weary about self-publishing and think uploading to Amazon- or other publishing companies- is a complex ordeal. It isn’t. I have been coaching authors for years and, nowadays, the system is built in that all you have to do is plug your book info into the Kindle Direct Publishing Bookshelf and away you go. The cost for actually self-publishing your book is O.The production cost for the average book is about $1500. If you pay $1000-3000 for a course + $1500 for the book production, you are still under $5,000. If you continue to write more books, you’ve already paid for the course that usually gives you access for a lifetime.Taking a self-publishing course is the best option we think. You learn how to do so much of the process yourself, and can rinse and repeat for future books. You still pay for everything but, who you decide to hire is up to you and the creative decisions are all you rs.#2 - KDP [Kindle Direct Publishing]The KDP platform is Amazons book publishing platform. Publishing a book is so much easier now than it ever used to be, especially with Amazon self-publishing.You no longer need to go through painstaking efforts to land a book deal which locks you into unrealistic deadlines and cuts you out of most of the earnings. You don’T have to sign up and fork over thousands to a vanity press company.You can now have complete control of your book – and its revenues – by publishing directly through Amazon self-publishing.Setting up your KDP account is easy, and should be the first step you complete.Here’s how to set up your Kindle Direct Publishing account:Go to https://kdp.amazon.com and register with either your Amazon account or with your email address.Next, click â€Å"Update† in your account information and fill in your tax information. It’s important to note that you need to complete your tax information BEFOR E you can publish your first book. So don’t skip this step!Once your tax information is complete, click â€Å"Finished† and return to the main page.Your profile is complete!#3 - Print On DemandIf you are a new author reading this, with the print on demand services offered by Kindle Direct Publishing and Ingramspark, you can order your own author copies and pay print costs plus shipping to your location. Buy your own ISBN, copyright your book, and own what you create.To start printing your own books with IngramSpark, visit their website and set up an account. Do the same with Amazons’ Kindle Direct Publishing platform. Do it yourself. It’s not the difficult process many would have you believe, and there is lots of support on these sites ready to help you right away.How much is the cost to print a book?It depends on the book size but, for a book that is 30k in length with little to no photos or graphs and text only, expect to pay less than $4 per copy. The average scammy publisher will charge new authors $15-20 dollars per copy.But for them, they print the books at the same cost as an author who sets this up through KDP or IngramSpark.In fact, many vanity press publishers use IngramSpark for the print-on-demand service only just to sell the books back to the author at 5x the print cost.#4 - Vanity Press PublisherVanity press publishing, also called subsidy publishing, differs from selfpublishing in that the author assumes all the risk and pays the publisher for everything.The editing, formatting, cover design, and even marketing the book are paid for by the author through the various packages offered when an author signs up.But, there is a trap here: The costs are more than you initially pay for, and they don’t tell you this until later when you’re mired deeper into the project. Once invested, most authors are compelled to publish the book no matter the costs.The emotional investment is what these companies prey on. Kn owing how you feel about your book, they are ready to help you do anything to get it to marketand that means offering more expensive services.By the time you are done and the book is published, potentially you have just spent $10k. With close to 0 book sales.Vanity publishers make money, not from selling books for you, but from the author buying their own books back from the publisher. It is a scam where the author always loses.#5 - Traditional PublishersThis is not a self-publishing route but, if you want to take the traditional path, you can begin by querying your manuscript with agents. Keep in mind, you may not see your book in print for a couple of year due to the lengthy process of first finding an agent, and then having them submit it to publishers to buy.What is a traditional publisher?â€Å"A traditional book publishing company buys the rights to an authors manuscript. Buying rights from the author is how book publishers have traditionally acquired books. The advance is d educted by the book publisher from any royalties the author receives from the sale of the book.†That’s right, they pay you an advance for the book. You don’t pay them anything. It depends on the publisher’s contract but they will pay for [some] marketing.The editing, cover design and formatting is taken care of by the publisher [in most cases].There are a lot of nightmare stories of authors signing on with traditional publishers, but that usually equates to the publisher not trying hard enough to sell any books. In this case the author may end the contract and, after that, many authors take up with self-publishing and find better success. After all, why not be in charge of building your own book business?#6 - Hybrid PublishersA hybrid publisher is what you will find between a traditional publisher [pay nothing upfront but get paid an advance] or a vanity press publisher [pay for everything upfront and keep all royalties.The hybrid publishers model is simp le: An author pays for everything upfront but gets a bigger cut of the royalties after book sales, upwards of 50%. The initial cost means that the author assumes all the financial risk in order to get the book to market.One other difference between traditional and hybrid publishing is, the hybrid has to pay the author a higher percentage of royalties than a traditional publishing house.In order for a company to be called a hybrid publisher, there are 9 criteria set out by the IBPA (Independent Book Publishers Association) that must be adhered to:In order to not be classified as a vanity press, ALL book submissions must be reviewed. This means if your book does not meet the criteria, it should be rejected. A vanity press doesn’t care. Anything and anybody will do.Hybrid publishers must clearly define a vision to follow for their company.Must report reputable sales on all titles they publish.Authors who sign with hybrid publishers must be paid a higher royalty than that of stan dard traditional publisher rates.The quality of the production- cover design, editing and formatting- must meet industry standards.The publisher must publish as its own defined imprint and request its own ISBNs.Manage all distribution services for the works.Hybrid publisher must manage the rights of the works they publish as well as any subsequent rights acquired.Hybrid publishers must meet the standards and best practices set out by the publishing industry.Butthe vanity press publishers are bad seeds. Lately they are disguising their services as â€Å"hybrid publishers† but still operate with the same scammy tactics.Take caution here that, while a hybrid publisher might look legit on the surface, there is a possibility you could get ripped off if you are not 100% sure.Taking Down the ScammersAs a coach and self-publishing authority, I have worked with at least a dozen authors who’ve come away from a vanity press publisher broke, not just financially, but emotionally a s well.Like most authors, they just wanted to fulfill a dream and publish a book. But as soon as you sign up with a self-publishing scam company, your dreams are ripped apart and so is your bank account. By the time the not-yet-published author realizes it, they are invested by thousands of dollars and bound by a contract.Over the years several class-action suits have been launched against scammy publishers for bad business practice. The worst of these publishers is Author Solutions, a company with a bad rap and a long history of complaints targeted against it by authors who have been exploited.This company boasts on its website â€Å"300,000 authors published.† I would be hard-pressed to believe this and to go a step further, the percentage of those authors who would use Author Solution service again?Chances are if you have been down this road, you realized before you were half way there that you’d taken a bad path.Author Solutions is at the top of the chain of seedy publishing houses promising to get your book to market because the world needs to hear your story. And for a publishing package upwards of $5999 it could all be done for you. Well, initially you are led to believe.Author Solutions is the parent company of several subsidiaries that operate, not only in the US but now have an International reach as they have set up in countries worldwide.How do they make their money?It isn’t from helping authors to sell books.The authors usually end up selling nothing. Instead, they are made to buy the books they want from the publishers at a high cost just so they can have their own copies to sell or giveaway.Recently, several companies have been shut down in class action lawsuits, and this is still continuing today, with authors taking a stand and fighting back against the book publishing thieves.Fortunately, authors are better educated these days on the publishing options available. Vanity publishers are disappearing. But do return â€Å"we aring different clothing†, disguised as the next best company to get you that bestselling book.Red Flag List: Self-Publishing Companies to AvoidI have compiled a list of publishing companies you should avoid at all costs. This is not a complete list but includes names of the major companies flagged by Writer Beware and Alliance of Independent Authors.For a very thorough listing, I would recommend you check with the Alliance of Independent Authors. ALLi stays up-to-date on the scammy reports, warnings and lawsuits taken against bad publishers.Here are some self-publishing companies that have made the list of those to watch out for:Author SolutionsAuthorHouse UKArchway Publishing [Simon and Schuster]LifeRich Publishing [Reader’s Digest]iUniversePalibrio [for the Spanish-speaking community]Dorrance publishingChristian faith publishingWestbow pressBalboa press [a Division of Hay House]Newman Springs PublishingPartridge PublishingTate PublishingTrafford PublishingXlibris [UK , AU, and NZ]Outskirts PressDog ear publishingWriters Beware and Watchdog GroupsRemember: Always do your homework. To make sure if you are buying into a legit business you should check in with these sites listed below.Writer Bewareâ€Å"Shining a bright light into the dark corners of the shadow-world of literary scams, schemes, and pitfalls. Also providing advice for writers, industry news, and commentary. Writer Beware is sponsored by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, Inc.†Preditors and EditorsProviding up-to-date action against possible publishing scammers.ALLi [Alliance of Independent Authors] / Watchdog Postsâ€Å"Each month on the ALLi blog, the excellent Watchdog John Doppler explores key issues regarding the provision of self-publishing services around the world.†The Independent Publishing Magazine / Publishing Service IndexA detailed breakdown of self-publishing companies and their ranking based on service and reliability.Educate Yourself in S elf-PublishingPublishing scams will always be around as long as authors are paying for their services.How do you, as an author, avoid falling into this trap?The self-publishing arena is like a vast oasis of information and a never-ending learning process. Vanity press publishers are banking on you having no idea what to do, which is why you might consider turning to a publishing company in the first place.Our advice at Self Publishing School is this: Educate yourself on how to publish a book. You’d be surprised the things you actually don’t have to pay for.Take control of your self-publishing career today.Are you ready to self-publish your book?Enroll in an online self-publishing courseYou can check out this list of best self-publishing courses. I highly recommend joining an online self-publishing course for achieving all your publishing goals.You will learn how to write and market your book your way and all of it within your control. You won’t have to give up a nything or sign your book rights over to a publisher that will exploit your creativity.

God Gold Glory essays

God Gold Glory essays 1.) Explain the significance of the phrase God, Glory, and Gold to the exploration and settlement of the Americas. There were three main things that were important to the explorers and settlers of the Americas. God, Glory, and Gold was a phrase commonly used among the people that came to this country in those early days, they are the motives, or reasons that brought them here. In many European countries, religious persecution fueled peoples desire to find a new place to settle. Explorers sought to bring back new riches and land to their mother country in order to receive high honors from their King or Queen. Stories of countless riches, and endless amounts of gold inspired young men to pack up and head off to the Americas to make their fortune. 2.) Explain the motives as well as the results of Spanish, French, and English exploration in the Americas. There were many reasons Europeans decided to explore the new world. The Spanish, French, and English where a few, they had many motives, and some different results. With the right motivation, you can get a person to do most anything. Some of the motives these three countries had were very similar, and some varied from one another. In the end, the land these European explorers claimed for their countries eventually broke away, and formed new independent nations. French influence can be found places like Louisiana, and Canada, English in much of North America, and Spanish throughout Mexico, and South America. ...

Police Misconduct Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Police Misconduct - Research Paper Example However, it is indisputable that police have used their privileges to take advantage of the public, becoming more of a threat than a source of security to the public. Discretion provides the police with an opportunity to design their own courses of action, and at times the right to abuse the law. The matter of police discretion has been a hot topic in the area of criminology as researchers seek to identify the best approach to streamline police actions. Discretion gives the police the chance to make ethical decisions depending on the complexity of the situation that they encounter to reinstate order in the most appropriate way. One advantage of police discretion is that it saves the public from the agony of harsh police treatment if the law was followed to the letter. However, Dempsey and Forst (2013, p. 140) states that police discretion with the opportunity to abuse their powers in a manner that favours their course of action. Arguably, the police can pursue private interests in the cover of police discretion. Such â€Å"private interest can take several forms, such as direct financial or material profit, receiving services, or psychological profit† (Terry, 2010, p. 617). For instance, a police will decide to take bribe rather than incriminate a careless driver, hence predisposing the public to road accidents. In such an instance, the police will apply discretion to make a decision that is selfish and ignores the plight of the public (Terry, 2010). Although this may benefit one public, it is a wrong decision that puts the life of other drivers at danger. In this light, discretion allows the police to make selfish decisions that only benefit a few and hurt the community welfare. Discretion gives the police the right to bend the law and the consequences of bending the law may be too severe. In their duties, the

Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Budgeting - Essay Example Not planning earlier can bring up capacity issues; cash flow issues etc. for the organization. An estimation of costs and revenues is required to know the estimated profit. The profit is not attained in a single day. All days need to be planned to achieve those profits, daily operations are therefore need to be managed; budgeting prepares the managers for the whole day decisions, which he cannot act to on a single day basis. A clear thinking and understanding is developed. Budgeting in advance also helps determine the borrowing requirements, early relationship building with the lender, communicating earlier the borrowing needs. And reasonable budgets and forecasts to repay can build up credibility in the eyes of the lender. Once the borrowing needs are determined and committed in the pipeline, the spending timing and needs are allocated as and where required. The budgeting exercise can become hectic and set accountability for the managers. This leads to driving their focus away from the day to operations but not really. It builds up coordination and integration among the cross functional areas and within everyone in different functions of the organization. Everyone is considered accountable for his or her actions; a sense of ownership develops amongst the employees and hence a company would want its employees to be motivated enough to achieve their and company's goals. This only happens when objectives of both are aligned and employees are motivated enough to achieve the same. These overall benefits in day to day affairs. Major inputs to the master budget and usefulness of each The major inputs to the master budget are operating and the financial budget. Master budget also helps create a linkage between the two afore mentioned budgets. Each of these budgets has their own importance and none can succeed without the other. The operating budget comprises the sales budget, production budget, the direct materials budget, the direct labor budget, the factory overhead budget, the inventory budget, cost of goods sold budget, selling and administrative expense budget, and the budgeted income statement, which is the snapshot of the operations of the organization for a period. Whereas, the financial budget comprises the cash budget, the capital budget, and the budgeted balance sheet. All these inputs on a standalone basis do not have any meaning until seen within the full picture. Sales budget will determine the top line for the company and production budget support sales because it has to be determined how many units are to be produced to support that level of sales. Materials, labor and overhead determine the costs, similarly the selling and administrative expenses. The inventory budget helps in knowing how many units are carried from the earlier period and how many will fulfill the demand for the period. Financial budget takes care of the funding aspect. Why would a company want to create a master budget There are many purposes that a company can serve by developing master

The Poetry of T.S. Eliot Essay Example for Free

The Poetry of T.S. Eliot Essay The poetry of T.S. Eliot is of such greatness that it will be read and analyzed by future generations of students and critics as long as there is poetry. Eliot received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948 and his work spanned a period of time from 1910 until his death in 1965. The period 1914—1922 was very significant for Eliot for obvious as well as personal reasons and events. He was living in England and Europe was witnessing the end of the First World War and realizing the devastation caused. Personally he was having marital difficulties as well as emotional and psychological problems. (Eliot xv—xviii) His work from this period is very dark and obviously influenced by the â€Å"wasteland† of Europe as well as his marital and personal issues. The poems are compelling and in their unique way stand to illustrate the beauty that can be created in the dismal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† was first published in 1915. It opens with Italian verse from â€Å"Dante’s Inferno†, seemingly trying to set a tone of death and damnation. There are no bright spots or happiness in the poem; instead there is a sense of anxiety, uncertainty and sadness. He walks â€Å"streets that follow like a tedious argument of insidious intent to lead you to an overwhelming question† (9). The women seem out of reach, â€Å"in the room the women come and go talking of Michelangelo† (10). It is not a pleasant scene. Eliot appears to want to escape it, to be â€Å"a pair of ragged claws scuttling across the floors of silent seas† (11).   His language in Prufrock is full of allusions and very difficult to read and interpret, and it is almost as if he has sympathy for the reader. He shows his frustration at miscommunication in several lines, some repeated. â€Å"That is not what I meant at all. That is not it, at all† is followed by later by â€Å"it is impossible to say just what I mean† (12). Later this thought is inverted and repeated, â€Å"that is not it at all, that is not what I meant, at all† (13). Towards the end he becomes melancholy and thinks of his old age and death: â€Å"I grow old†¦I grow old†¦I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each. I do not think they will sing to me†¦we have lingered by the chambers of the sea by sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown till human voices wake us and we drown† (13). The reader is left to wonder if Prufrock was drowning in a sea of human voices. This conflict and miscommunication is symbolic of both Eliot’s marital and personal difficulties. The poem is depressing and full of darkness, conflict and anxiety. It is only the beginning of his bleak viewpoint.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This theme of darkness and miscommunication continues to be reflected in his poetry. In â€Å"Morning at the Window†. Eliot is â€Å"aware of the damp souls of housemaid sprouting despondently at area gates†¦waves of fog toss up to me twisted faces†¦and tear from a passer-by with muddy skirts an aimless smile that hovers in the air and vanishes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (24). He writes of his â€Å"Aunt Helen† not in reflection of her life, but upon her death, focusing on silence and the task of the undertaker: †¦the undertaker wiped his feet—he was aware this sort of thing had occurred before† (26). There is a gloominess that seems to be everywhere Eliot looks. His theme of miscommunication is in his very words, often bizarre and difficult to interpret. In â€Å"Mr. Apollinax† Mr. Apollinax â€Å"laughed like an irresponsible foetus ‘he is a charming man’—but after all what did he mean† (28).   Ã‚  If the words are difficult enough to understand, the final verse is all but impossible to comprehend. â€Å"I remember a slice of lemon, and a bitter macaroon† (29).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through these unsettling works Eliot shows himself to be a master at portraying a side of the human condition no one really likes to see, yet invariably at sometime everyone does. Often he points out the contrary view as he does in â€Å"The Wasteland†. Springtime is a timeless topic for countless poets expressing the wonder and beauty of nature coming alive after a winter asleep. Not so for Eliot. â€Å"April is the cruelest month, breeding lilacs out of the dead land, mixing memory and desire, stirring dull roots with spring rain† (65). Not surprisingly he seems to prefer winter. â€Å"Winter kept us warm, covering earth with a forgetful snow, feeding a little life with dried tubers† (65). The theme of miscommunication continues to either cause or accompany the darkness. â€Å"Speak to me. Speak. Why do you never speak. Speak. What are you thinking of? What thinking? What? I never know what you are thinking† (69).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eliot revisits his earlier theme of death as sea in the â€Å"Death by Water† section of â€Å"Wasteland†, advising Gentile or Jew â€Å"entering the whirlpool†Ã‚   to remember â€Å"Phlebas the Phoenician, a fortnight dead† (77). In the final section â€Å"What the Thunder Said† his depression seems to come to triumph. Eliot emphasizes â€Å"after the agony in stony places the shouting and the crying†¦he who was living is now dead, we who were living are now dying† (78). His landscape has been ruined: â€Å"falling towers Jerusalem Athens Alexandria Vienna London Unreal† (79). Despite his viewpoint and topics his work is beautiful as it moves the â€Å"unreal† of his imagination to our â€Å"reality† in such a unique and personal way; overall he has in fact communicated his reality in a masterful and compelling fashion. Eliot has proved that good things can arise from, if not be inspired by terrible situations. Works Cited   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eliot, T.S. The Waste Land and Other Poems. New York: Barnes and Noble Classics, 2004.

On Ibsens A Dolls House :: Ibsens A Dolls House

On Ibsen's A Doll's House Author: Ian Johnston Those of you who have just read A Doll's House for the first time will, I suspect, have little trouble forming an initial sense of what it is about, and, if past experience is any guide, many of you will quickly reach a consensus that the major thrust of this play has something to do with gender relations in modern society and offers us, in the actions of the heroine, a vision of the need for a new-found freedom for women (or a woman) amid a suffocating society governed wholly by unsympathetic and insensitive men. I say this because there is no doubt that A Doll's House has long been seen as a landmark in our century's most important social struggle, the fight against the dehumanizing oppression of women, particularly in the middle-class family. Nora's final exit away from all her traditional social obligations is the most famous dramatic statement in fictional depictions of this struggle, and it helped to turn Ibsen (with or without his consent) into an applauded or vilified champion of women's rights and this play into a vital statement which feminists have repeatedly invoked to further their cause. So in reading responses to and interpretations of this play, one frequently comes across statements like the following: Patriarchy's socialization of women into servicing creatures is the major accusation in Nora's painful account to Torvald of how first her father, and then he, used her for their amusement. . . how she had no right to think for herself, only the duty to accept their opinions. Excluded from meaning anything, Nora has never been subject, only object. (Templeton 142). Furthermore, if we go to see a production of this play (at least among English-speaking theatre companies), the chances are we will see something based more or less on this interpretative line: heroic Nora fighting for her freedom against oppressive males and winning out in the end by her courageous final departure. The sympathies will almost certainly be distributed so that our hearts are with Nora, however much we might carry some reservations about her leaving her children. Now, this construction certainly arises from what is in the play, and I don't wish to dismiss it out of hand. However, today I would like to raise some serious question about or qualifications to it. I want to do so because this vision of A Doll's House has always struck me as oversimple, as, in some sense, seriously reductive, an approach that removes from the play much of its complexity and almost all its mystery and power. On Ibsen's A Doll's House :: Ibsen's A Doll's House On Ibsen's A Doll's House Author: Ian Johnston Those of you who have just read A Doll's House for the first time will, I suspect, have little trouble forming an initial sense of what it is about, and, if past experience is any guide, many of you will quickly reach a consensus that the major thrust of this play has something to do with gender relations in modern society and offers us, in the actions of the heroine, a vision of the need for a new-found freedom for women (or a woman) amid a suffocating society governed wholly by unsympathetic and insensitive men. I say this because there is no doubt that A Doll's House has long been seen as a landmark in our century's most important social struggle, the fight against the dehumanizing oppression of women, particularly in the middle-class family. Nora's final exit away from all her traditional social obligations is the most famous dramatic statement in fictional depictions of this struggle, and it helped to turn Ibsen (with or without his consent) into an applauded or vilified champion of women's rights and this play into a vital statement which feminists have repeatedly invoked to further their cause. So in reading responses to and interpretations of this play, one frequently comes across statements like the following: Patriarchy's socialization of women into servicing creatures is the major accusation in Nora's painful account to Torvald of how first her father, and then he, used her for their amusement. . . how she had no right to think for herself, only the duty to accept their opinions. Excluded from meaning anything, Nora has never been subject, only object. (Templeton 142). Furthermore, if we go to see a production of this play (at least among English-speaking theatre companies), the chances are we will see something based more or less on this interpretative line: heroic Nora fighting for her freedom against oppressive males and winning out in the end by her courageous final departure. The sympathies will almost certainly be distributed so that our hearts are with Nora, however much we might carry some reservations about her leaving her children. Now, this construction certainly arises from what is in the play, and I don't wish to dismiss it out of hand. However, today I would like to raise some serious question about or qualifications to it. I want to do so because this vision of A Doll's House has always struck me as oversimple, as, in some sense, seriously reductive, an approach that removes from the play much of its complexity and almost all its mystery and power.

Importance of Group Essay

According to Social Boundaries and Adherence to a Special Set of Norms Some sociologists do not consider these kinds of organization per se as mentioned in the succeeding section while other sociologists classify them as types of organization based on social boundaries and their adherence to a special set of norms (Zulueta, 2002). 1. Categorical Group A categorical group refers to a social grouping where members tend to share certain characteristics and interests and are aware of their similarities with other in their own social category. Ex. Students, teachers, farmers, senior citizens, fish vendors and other related groups. 2. Aggregate Group An aggregate group denotes a social grouping whose members stay in one place, but do not necessarily interact with each other. The members of this group are concerned only with their own feelings and attitudes. Ex. People forming a single line in the Araneta Center to buy tickets for the basketball game of their favorite player in the Philippine Basketball Association. 3. Collective Group A collective group refers to a crowd whose members are not governed with laws or norms, but share the same beliefs that motivates them to action. Examples are the EDSA People Power 1 and 2, a mass demonstration for a common cause and others. 4. Associational Group An associational group is composed of a group of people who organize themselves to pursue a common interest with a formal organizational structure such as the Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC), Philippine Basketball Association (PBA), Philippine Association for Teacher Education (PAFTE) and many others. In an associational group, there is a set of officers elected by its members which is responsible for running the association. According to Interaction and Relationship General classifications of groups according to their manner of interaction and relationship are: 1. Primary Group A primary group refers to small, informal group of people who interact in a more personal, intimate manner and who always have direct and face-to-face communication with each other. It includes the family, neighborhood and play groups. The primary group is characterized by Cooley as the nursery of human nature because it is the group where the child is socialized, acquires and experiences love, affection, sympathy, kindness, tolerance, fairness, loyalty and justice. The individual learns the meaning of personal worth and dignity of a person. 2. Secondary Group A secondary group involves indirect, impersonal interaction where members are forced to interact because of business transactions and the like. The business-like, impersonal and formal interactions of secondary groups allow the members to focus on their special skills. The members of secondary groups can function effectively because of the absence of the touch of familiarity where subjectivity comes in. According to Membership Other classifications of groups which are more specific as to membership are as follows: 1. In-group An in-group refers to a group of people whose sense of belongingness is strong. The members have a strong â€Å"we-feeling†, share common orientation, come from the same background, roots and origin and adhere to the ideology. An in-group is further characterized by a feeling of companionship and a great sense of loyalty. 2. Out-group The out-group is exactly the opposite of the in-group. This group is made up of people whose feelings are antagonistic to the group itself. There is physical membership but in mind and heart, the members dislike the group because of the concept that another group is superior to their group. An out-group is a stereotype where members of the group have specialized trademarks. 3. Reference Group A reference group is a group where people identify themselves physically and psychology to which other people refer in evaluating their behavior and actions. The group becomes the individual’s frame of reference in relation to his/her motivations, aspirations, experiences, attitudes and social affiliations. Oftentimes, a reference group tends to give an impression to a particular person as to his/her social, economic and even political status in the community. Sometimes, individual try to identify themselves with groups whose standing is well-known regionally, nationally or even internationally to demand high respect and special treatment from others. 4. Peer Group A peer group refers to a small kind of grouping whose members have the same level, interests and economic standing in the community. This is exemplified in school among students. Consciously and unconsciously, the members group themselves because they share the same interests and talents and perhaps their parents also share the same. There is also a sense of belongingness, sympathy and loyalty among themselves. 5. Voluntary Association A voluntary association, as the name suggests, is an organization where membership is free and voluntary. Though voluntary in nature, members follow some sets of rules or policies. Examples are civic-oriented groups whose primary purpose is to deliver some social benefits to the deprived, depressed and underserved (DDU) sectors of our society. Voluntary associations are found in some relatively simple societies composed of members with varied and competing interests. Here are some voluntary associations: * Military Associations Military associations are noncommercial societies whose goals are to unite members through their common experiences. * Secret Societies Secret societies are characterized principally by limited membership and by secret rituals generally believed to increase the supernatural powers of its members. * Regional Associations Regional associations are clubs that bring together migrants from common geographical backgrounds. Regional groupings actually give rise to out-groups, particularly when in a foreign milieu. According to Their Nature, Form, Objectives and Interaction Some sociologists have identified other social groupings based on their nature, form and objectives and how members relate with each other. These are the formal and informal groups. 1. Informal Group The informal group is the most common type of grouping based on nature, form, objectives and interaction. It occurs when two or more people interact with each other on issues affecting their welfare. An informal group can be a product of an impulsive act but later on grows into a partnership endeavor with the constant sharing of emotions and sentiments of the members. The group ensures cooperation from each member because of their sense of belongingness and self-confidence. 2. Formal Group A formal group is an organization where the specific organizational structure is constructed to achieve specific goals and objectives. This group has to fulfill a variety of specialized social and personal needs that influence one’s personality. Regardless of its nature, a formal organization has established philosophy, mission, vision and goals as its guiding premises in the discharge of its function. It is in this concern that formal organizations meet their fundamental needs to continue their collaborative efforts to attain these aspirations in a highly complex, industrial and business society.

How successfully does Alan Ayckbourn slice into the soul of surburbia in Absurd Person Singular?

I feel Ayckbourn does it extremely well, as he takes three very different couples with very different lives and compares and contrasts them to give the everyday people and situations we come across in our own lives. The characters in this play become more familiar as it develops and people like Marion who has a 2 faced personality becomes recognisable with people in your life. She begins complimenting Jane and Sidney on their kitchen by saying sweet things such as â€Å"what a simply dishy kitchen† but when Jane and Sidney cannot see her she turns to her husband Ronald and claims the house is â€Å"loathsome† and demands her husband to take her home in â€Å"5 minutes† However Jane and Sidney fell everything is going wonderfully, as they have only invited these particular guests, to help them in the future. Sidney says to Ronald â€Å"I hope you've been giving a little bit of thought to our chat if you had a moment† Ronald is a bank manager and Sidney wants him to help him out a bit with loans. Then there is Geoff, who is married to Eva. Not that his marriage should mean anything as he constantly cheats on Eva and doesn't care if she does or doesn't know. Also he speaks openly about his filthy obsession. He describes one of his conquests as an â€Å"absolute little cracker†. His disloyalty unveils his shallow self but also reveals the reason for Eva's pain which has led to depression. As Ayckbourn â€Å"slices† through each character, we can see they are all pretending be something and they all appear to concerned with themselves, except Eva she doesn't act differently to her self or hide her problems, which is clear when she says to Sidney on the subject of her pills † they prevent me from turning into a raving lunatic†. Ayckbourn goes deeper to see her reasons for depression instead of trying to reveal a fake intention, which is what the others posses. * * * * In Act 2 the characters are slowly developing. This time the Christmas party is being held at Geoff and Eva's and it appears they aren't in the best of spirits as Geoff has just told Eva he's leaving her for another woman, this is seen when he says â€Å"Sally and I will probably get somewhere else together† these words are harsh and blunt and have turned Eva mute. When the guests finally arrive, Eva has decided to commit suicide, she begins to gas herself by placing her head in the oven, when Jane walks in and believes she's cleaning the oven and volunteers to do it herself and says â€Å"don't you worry about the oven†¦I must clean that oven if it kills me† Eva, upset that her plan has failed then attempts to overdose herself but accidentally drops the pills down the plug hole. Whilst trying to capture them, Sidney enters and thinks she's trying to unblock it and says â€Å"you'll never get a sink unblocked that way† then gets his tools kit and begins to ‘fix' it. This creates a black humour as Eva's situation is becoming more desperate as people keep interfering even though they believe they are helping but its also quite sad because it shows how little they know about each other as they can't even see Eva is suffering from serious depression. You can also see how involved they are with themselves and are completely oblivious to the fact that Eva is desperate to kill herself. There is a dramatic irony as Ronald sets about a routine repair of fixing a light bulb but Eva's condition is anything but routine. We become more and more sympathetic with Eva as she feels without Geoff she cannot live or his dismissal has led her to suicide but with Geoff we despise as he plays with Eva trying to twist things on to her by saying such things as â€Å"if your blaming yourself don't† which seems he thinks she should be and he also claims â€Å"other men don't have this trouble† when talking about his cheating as if it were some illness and deserves sympathy for it. As Eva continues to ignore him his impatience grows until he speaks of previous violence such as â€Å"I'm going to lose my temper. And we know what happens then don't we. I'll take a swing for you† his patronising and angry tone is almost creepy and furthers are hate for him. Throughout it all, Eva's many suicide attempts, Ronalds electrocution when changing the light bulb and Sidney drying himself from being soaked in dirty water while fixing the pipes. Is slightly over the top but that adds more comedy but the symapathy for Eva is still there as she is still suffering and suspension is created of what will become of the Brewster-wrights marriage as tension is created when Marion says â€Å"You'd never think it but he was a really vital young man, Eva you'd never think it to look at him† maybe claiming she is no longer attracted to him.

Role of The Manager

Role of The Manager A manager's role is to lead his/her organization to a clearly stated objective ( Mission Statement ). In doing so he/she must channel all his resources in a precise and organized way to work toward those goalsThe meaning of the word 'Manager' or 'Management'A Manager is a person with administrative power or controli.e.: manager of an actor or Manager of an international football team.A Manager is a person who gets people to do what is wanted, when it'swanted, the way it's wanted because THEY want to do it ( Evans ). This basically indicates the skill of getting people 'willingly' do designated work/tasks.A Manager is the supervisor of people/employees.A Manager is a person whose job it is to identify restrictions on their output and remove them in order to get the task in hand done more efficiently.Ensures that work standards are applied e.g.:Global Project Manager travleinga Production Line.A Manager is an individual that has any role in an organisation whereThe occupant is authoris ed to get part of his/her work done through subordinates for whose work he/she remains wholly responsible for ( Evans )A Manger is a person who manages a business or organisationor institution.Management is the process of getting things done efficiently and effectively, through and with other people. Efficiently is doing the given tasks right and to the correct and expected standards - inputs and outputs. Effectively means doing the correct tasks and achieving the desired results/goals.Management is the act, manner or the practice of managing and controlling something i.e.: business, budgets, and people.Management is the process of achieving objectives within a changing environment by having the correct balance of efficiency and effectiveness. It is also being able to obtain the most from available...

Pedophilia Research Paper †Psychology (400 Level Course)

Pedophilia Research Paper – Psychology (400 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Pedophilia Research Paper Psychology (400 Level Course) Abstract Pedophilia is characterized as a long-term disorder that most commonly occurs in males. A pedophile is portrayed as an individual who has sexual urges and fantasies of a child who is 13 or younger. They usually engage in sexual acts such as undressing the child, masturbation, and also fondling and caressing the child. The best way to examine pedophilia is to look at the general information, characteristics, causes, diagnostic, and also the treatment that goes along with the disorder. Pedophilia Research Paper I will always be a pedophile. I like adult women, and am even attracted to them sexually all the time but I am a real pedophile at heart that likes little girls. I also prefer their company much of the time if and wherever possible. To me, I become most aroused sexually with young girls 8-12 years old. They make me the most erect, and I tend to masturbate with them in mind instead of women. I cannot entirely explain it, but I am no worse a person than you! I simply desire them and want to make love with them and feel their bodies (The Pedophilia / Pedophile Education Mirror-Myth #7). This quote is coined from an anonymous man that enjoys expressing his view on pedophilia. Not only is he okay with the idea of pedophilia, he also views it as being a freedom of choice. His twisted and demented vision of pedophilia is so distorted that he goes on to compare it with any other sexual freedom such as homosexuality (The Pedophilia/Pedophile Education Mirror-Myth # 7). This anonymous example is usually what is running through a pedophile’s thoughts. They are most often in denial and will claim that the children are being educated for their own good and have received pleasure from the activities that took place. Pedophiles lack compassion for their victims and express no remorse. They even will accuse their victims of â€Å"coming on to them†, by saying they were tempted or sometimes even trapped. Unfortunately there is no proof as to whether this particular pedophile was sexually abused as a child. However, the majority of paraphilias are in fact sexually abused during their childhood and are usually drawn to adults of the opposite sex. (Pedophilia: The Human Sexuality WEB, 2005). A paraphilia is a person that has had repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies about watching, touching, or engaging in sexual acts with prepubescent children, and may carry out these urges or fantasies (Comer, 2004). Nine out of ten pedophiles are male and are usually fascinated with females who are in their preteens. Also, it is not uncommon for the sex offender to become intrigued with teenage males. They usually start out as â€Å"normal† people and are extremely shocked and distressed to discover their illicit sexual preference for the prepubertal (Vaknin, 2005). To thoroughly understand pedophilia, one must examine the characteristics, causes, diagnosis, treatments, and therapy that are offered for the sex offender. (Medical Library: Fact Sheet, 1997 APA) The characteristics of a pedophile are very hard to notice but if one were to examine it closely it is evident that they are not your average Joe. Personality characteristics vary amongst pedophiles but usually seem to be very similar once they are directly analyzed. Pedophiles usually display unusual interest in children along with a failed marriage due to dissimilar sexual interest with their spouse. (Medical Library: Fact Sheet, 1997 APA). Their hobbies and interest sometimes include collecting any kinds of items that revolve around children such as models of cars and airplanes. Even a pedophile’s room decorations frequently resemble that of a child (Pedophiles and Child Molesters-The Slaughter of Innocence-Online). Additional characteristics of this particular type of sex offender are that he has few if any friends his own age, thirty or over in age, and usually is single. Pedophiles are not interested in people of their own age. They are so intrigued with childlike obsessions that they forget about reality versus fantasy. What a smart pedophile does to have access with children is to seek employment to where he is forced to be with kids consistently. You can even find them being very involved with volunteering in the community with children related events (Pedophiles and Chile Molesters-The Slaughter of Innocence-Online). Employment usually consists of school teachers, bus drivers, photographers, and even athletic coaches. (Pedophilia, 2004) There seems to be a number of characteristics for pedophilia, however, it is very different when it comes to the causes and reasons why pedophilia occurs. The causes of pedophilia are not very clear, yet personality problems throughout childhood and adolescent years are very evident. Some evidence shows that pedophilia may be genetic or a learned behavior effect (Sexual Health Center, 1991). People have hypothesized but never proven the belief of abnormalities in male-sexual hormones or the brain-chemical serotonin in being a factor of pedophilia. (Pedophilia Associations, 2005) There is always the possibility that the sex offender was molested himself throughout his childhood, therefore, thinking it is okay to do the same to others. When a child is sexually molested, there can be a much distorted view of love and intimacy. There are usually issues that arise later on down the road into their adult life. (The Problem of Pedophilia, 2004) To be diagnosed with pedophilia, the sex offender has to meet certain criteria and actually have had a sexual encounter with a child. The three symptoms that are listed in the DSM-IV are: â€Å"Has the person had repeated fantasies or urges about engaging in sexual activity with a child generally 13 years of younger, or has he actually had sexual encounters with a child, A person who is preoccupied with sexual urges and fantasies that disturb his functioning (that is, negatively affect his relations with others or impair his ability to work effectively), even without ever engaging in a sex act with a child, The fantasies, sexual urges or behaviors cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning. These three criteria have to exist in pedophiles and are the most important for a person to be diagnosed. (Medical Library: Fact Sheet, 1997 APA) Finally, pedophilia is usually treated with cognitive-behavioral therapies. The two most popular approaches are the behavioral self-control training and the relapse-prevention training. Generally the individuals diagnosed with pedophilia can go through the cognitive-behavioral therapy alone or with the medications prescribed to them. (Pedophilia, 2004) To help treat or control pedophilia one needs to take the following medications: Anti-androgens reduce male sex hormones levels and medications that increase serotonin such as Prozac. The two medications have been somewhat successful but with mixed results. (All Psych Online, 1999) The example in the book is mainly talking about these theories in relation to alcohol; however it can be applied to pedophilia. Behavioral self-control training consists of the person keeping track of their urges and keeping up with places that will tempt them the most. They are encouraged to keep a writing journal so that they can place their thoughts on paper and express and recognize that it is wrong. The relapse-prevention training is very similar with the behavioral self-control training in that it is therapy that helps the person realize they need to keep track of when they are around kids and also how much is too much (Comer, 2004). Unfortunately, even after certain treatments, the disorder is sometimes hard to cure. It is chronic and most people who suffer with it will suffer with it for the rest of their lives. Pedophilia is not only a disorder; it can be permanent in the people that are diagnosed with this disorder. The characteristics, causes, diagnosis, treatments, and therapy help for a better understanding of the illness. The disorder is a scary reality because this is something that happens all of the time. One may find it hard to swallow especially having to grasp the feeling that it could be their own child being the victim of these sick people. Pedophilia: The Human Sexuality WEB www.umkc.edu/sites/hsw/issues/pedophil.html Pedophilia www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/pedophilia.htm Narth The Problem of Pedophilia www.narth.com/docs/pedophNEW.html Medical Library: Fact Sheet., 1997 APA www.medem.com/medLB/article_detailb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZUZRUZGLCsub_cat=355 Sexual Health Center Pedophilia. 1991-2005 Sussex pulishers. http://health.yahoo.com/health/centers/sexual_health/96409442 Comer, R.J. (2002). Abnormal Psychology (5th Edition). New York, NY: Worth Publishers. The Roots of Pedophile. Dr. Sam Vaknin. http://samvak.tripod.com/pedopha.html The Pedophilia/Pedophilie Education Website Mirror. http://lege.cz/win.en/archiv/pedo/.htm All Psych Online: allpsych.com/disorders/paraphilias/pedophilia.html Pedophilia, Absolute Astronomy. www.absoluteastonomy.com/encyclopedia/p/pe/pedophilia.htm Research Papers on Pedophilia Research Paper - Psychology (400 Level Course)Trailblazing by Eric AndersonPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part OneThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentThree Concepts of Psychodynamic